Performance Ratio in PV

The performance ratio is one of the most important variables for evaluating the efficiency of a PV plant.
Specifically, the performance ratio is the ratio of the actual and theoretically possible energy outputs. It is largely independent of the orientation of a PV plant and the in cident solar irradiation on the PV plant. For this reason, the performance ratio can be used to compare PV plants supplying the grid at different locations all over the world.
This document explains what the performance ratio is and its function. You will also discover how to calculate the performance ratio for your PV plant and which factors have an influence on it.
1 What is the performance ratio?
The performance ratio is a measure of the quality of a PV plant that is independent of location and it therefore often described as a a quality factor. The performance ratio (PR) is stated as percent and describes the relationship between the actual and theoretical energy outputs
of the PV plant. It thus shows the proportion of the energy that is actually available for export to the grid after deduction of energy loss (e.g. due to thermal losses and conduction losses ) and of energy consumption for operation.
The closer the PR value determined for a PV plant approaches 100 %, the more efficiently the respective PV plant is operating. In real life, a value of 100 % cannot be achieved, as unavoidable losses always arise with the operation of the PV plant (e.g. thermal loss due to heating of the PV modules). High-performance PV plants can however reach a performance ratio of up to 80 %.
2 What is the function of the performance ratio?
The performance ratio informs you as to how energy efficient and reliable your PV plant is.
With the performance ratio you can compare the energy output of your PV plant with that of other PV plants or monitor the status of your PV plant over a prolonged period.
The determination of the performance ratio at fixed regular intervals does not provide an absolute comparison. Instead, it provides the operator with the option of checking performance and output: if it is assumed that the PV plant is running optimally on being commissioned, and hence that the initial value for the performance ratio is 100%, then taking of further PR values over time enables the identification of deviations, meaning that appropriate countermeasures can be promptly initiated. Deviations in the PR value in the form of values below the normal range therefore indicate a possible fault in your PV plant at an early stage.
The factors that can lead to a deviation in the PR value are described in Chapter 4 "Which factors influence the performance ratio?" (page 7).
3 How is the performance ratio calculated?
You need different variables to be able to calculate the performance ratio of your PV plant. On the one hand, these are the solar-irradiation values for the site of the PV plant. You can determine these values using a measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) that measures the incident solar irradiation at your PV plant. On the other hand, you need the factor of the modular area of your PV plant and the relative efficiency of your PV modules. The modular efficiency of the data sheet for the PV module can be obtained in the data sheet.
You can calculate the performance ratio by yourself (see Page 3) or automatically (see Page 6). Requirements for calculationIf you use a measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) for your PV plant that measures the direct incident solar irradiation, the orientation of the PV modules and the meter must be the same before you can calculate the PR value correctly. You therefore ensure that the PV modules and the measuring gage are exposed to the same quantities of incident solar irradiation and the same temperatures.
Analysis period
The optimum analysis period for calculating the performance ratio is 1 year. However, you can also select shorter time periods, e.g. if you want to compare your PV plant directly with other PV plants. That being said, you should select a minimum analysis period of 1 month to ensure that ambient conditions such as low solar elevations, low temperatures and shadows falling on the PV modules and / or measuring gage do not strongly influence the calculation.
3.1 Manual calculation
If you wish to calculate the performance ratio by yourself, you can use the following simplified formula:The actual plant energy production in kWh can be read at the end of the year from the grid export meter.The calculated annual nominal plant output is composed as follows:
Formula for manual calculation of the performance ratio
PR =Actual reading of plant output in kWh p.a.
(divided by)
Calculated, nominal plant output in kWh p.a.
Formula for calculation of the nominal plant output Annual incident solar irradiation at the enerator surface of the PV plant x relative efficiency of the PV plant modules
How is the performance ratio calculated?
The solar-irradiation value obtained by the measuring gage is measured at modular level, ideally over the whole year. Before this irradiation value can be determined, the mean value of the irradiation values measured by the measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) must be determined. The determined irradiation value per m2 is then extrapolated to the entire modular surface of the PV plant (= generator area). You can obtain the modular efficiency in the data sheet for the PV plant.
Example: Calculation of the performance ratio for an analysis period of 1 year
This example describes the manual calculation of the performance ratio using data from the Sunny SensorBox and the Sunny WebBox. The manual calculation should be seen as an alternative option. SMA Solar Technology AG offers automatic calculation of the performance r
atio in the Sunny Portal (see Page 6). How to register your PV plant in Sunny Portal is described in the operating instructions for the Sunny WebBox. If however you prefer to calculate the performance ratio manually, proceed as follows.
You will require the following information for the manual calculation:
• Analysis period
You define the analysis period in advance. The optimum analysis period is 1 year.
• Generator area of the PV plantThe factor of the generator area of your PV plant is known.
• Efficiency factor of the PV modulesYou can obtain the modular relative efficiency of your PV plant from the data sheet of the PV modules.
• Actually measured plant outputYou read this value from your power export meter at the end of year.
• Calculated, nominal plant output To calculate this value, you will need the formula for calculation of the nominal plant output (see Page 3)
• Incident solar irradiation measured in the analysis period To determine this value, you need the irradiation values transmitted by the Sunny SensorBox to the Sunny WebBox.
The Sunny WebBox regularly requests the individual values measured by the SensorBox. The Sunny WebBox then calculates daily average values from these individual values. To determine the average solar irradiation in the analysis period, you must extrapolate the daily average values for solar radiation. To do this, proceed as follows.
The Sunny WebBox saves the daily average values for incident solar irradiation at your PV plant, depending on the settings on the user interface at intervals of 5 minutes, 10 minutes or 15 minutes. The Sunny WebBox saves the daily average values for each month together with other average values for your PV plant in the corresponding directories as .csv files or .xml files.
How is the performance ratio calculated?
To calculate the irradiation value for 1 year, for example, you first have to calculate the monthly averages. To do this add the daily average values for a given month. You then divide this amount determined by the number of days in the month, which gives you the monthly average value. In this way you can calculate the monthly average values for all 12 months of the year. To calculate the annual average value, you simply add the 12 monthly averages and divide the total by the number of months, i.e. 12. You then extrapolate the average value calculated to the generator area of your PV plant. In this way, you obtain the nominal plant output for the analysis period of 1 year, which you can enter with the previously known values in the formula for calculating the performance ratio.The following specific conditions and values are given for the example:
• Analysis period: 1 year
• Measured average solar irradiation intensity in 1 year: 120 kWh/m2
• Generator area of the PV plant: 10 m2
• Efficiency factor of the PV modules: 15 %
• Electrical energy actually exported by plant to grid: 110 kWh
The irradiation values measured on location yields an average solar irradiation for the entire analysis period of 120 kWh/m2
. This irradiation value is extrapolated to the modular area of the PV plant as follows:
Irradiation value in kWh/m2x plant area in m2 = 120 kWh/m2x10m2 = 1,200 kWh
In order to subsequently calculate the nominal plant output, the irradiation value for the PV plant is multiplied by the modular efficiency:
1,200 kWh x 15 % = 1,200 kWh x 0.15 = 180 kWh
An anticipated nominal plant output of 1,200 kWh is therefore obtained for the selected
analysis period. This anticipated nominal plant output corresponds to a performance ratio of 100 %.
However, the actual value for electrical energy exported by the PV plant to the grid is only 110 kWh. If this value and the calculated nominal plant output are fed into the formula for calculating the performance ratio, the following result is obtained: The PR value is approx. 61 %. This means that approx. 39 % of the incident solar energy in the analysis period is not converted into usable energy due to circumstances such as conduction loss, thermal loss or, for example, defects in components. Here the performance ratio acts as an indicator and can prompt more detailed inspection of the PV plant so that, for example, soiling of the PV modules is removed or defective components can be repaired or replaced.
PR = 110 kWh = approx. 0.61 = approx. 61 % 180 kWh
How is the performance ratio calculated?
3.2 Automatic calculation You can also calculate the performance ratio automatically by transmitting the corresponding data from your PV plant to Sunny Portal. In the Sunny Portal you also can see the performance ratio clear presented in graphical form.
How to automatically calculate the performance ratio and display the PR values in graphic form is described in the operating instructions for the Sunny Portal on www.SunnyPortal.com.
Requirements for automatic calculation in Sunny PortalThe following requirements must be fulfilled before you can calculate the performance ratio in the Sunny Portal:
• You have a Sunny WebBox that transmits the required data to the Sunny Portal.
• A Sunny SensorBox is connected to your Sunny WebBox.
• You use the Sunny SensorBox solar irradiation sensors.
• The Sunny SensorBox measures a minimum incident solar irradiation of 60 W/m2 per hour at the installation location of your PV plant.
How to register at the Sunny Portal via the Sunny WebBox is described in the operating instructions for the Sunny WebBox.

4 Which factors influence the performance ratio?
The performance ratio is a purely definition-based variable which, under the influence
of certain factors, may even exceed values of 100 %. This is because performance characteristics of the PV modules are used in the calculation of the performance ratio that have been determined under standard test conditions (1,000 W/m² solar irradiation and 25 °C odule temperature). Deviating conditions in real operating conditions therefore influence the performance ratio.
The following factors can have influence to the PR value:
• Environmental factors
‒ Temperature of the PV module
‒ Solar irradiation and power dissipation
‒ The measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) is in the shade or soiled
‒ PV module in the shade or soiled
• Other factors
‒ Recording period
‒Conduction losses
‒ Efficiency factor of the PV modules
‒ Efficiency factor of the inverter
‒ Differences in solar cell technologies of the measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) and of the PV modules
‒ Orientation of the measurement gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox)
4.1 Environmental factors
Temperature of the PV module Performance and efficiency of a solar cell depend, amongst othe
rs, on the temperature of the PV module. At lower temperatures, a PV module is especially efficient. For example, the PV module is cold when the sky is occluded in winter. If under the
se conditions, full solar irradiation is incident on the cold PV module, then it operates very efficiently. This can generate a high PR value briefly. After a certain time, the PV module heats up and the efficiency falls again. Solar irradiation and power dissipation In the morning, evening and especially in winter, when the sun is low in the sky, the value for the incident solar irradiation approaches that of power dissipation (= difference between power input and output) more closely than at other times of day and of the year. For this reason, the PR value is lower than usual at these times.

Which factors influence the performance ratio?
Measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) in the shade or soiled Depending on the installation location, plants and buildings can throw shadows on your PV plant�s measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) and hence the measuring gage can be temporarily or even permanently in the shade. Especially when the sun is low, parts of the PV plant itself can cast shadows over the measuring gage.
The partial or complete placing in shadow of the measuring gage can result in PR values of over 100 %. In addition environmental factors such as snow, dust or pollen can lead to soiling of your PV plant and thus also result in PR values of over 100 %.
Shading or contamination of the PV modules Depending on the installation location, plants and buildings can throw shadows on your PV plant�s measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) and hence the measuring gage can be temporarily or even permanently in in the shade. Also soiling by e.g. dust, pollen, snow etc. can lead to shading of the PV modules. This shading leads to the PV module absorbing less solar irradiation than usual. The efficiency of the PV modules and accordingly also the PR value of the PV plant falls.
4.2 Other factors Measurement period
If the measurement period is too short (i.e. less than 1 month), there are insufficient me
asurements for reliable calculation of the performance ratio. Low solar elevations, low
and high temperatures and shading influence the calculation result in this case more strongly, as these values may not completely recorded.
Conduction losses
With the transmission of energy from the inverter to the energy export meter of the grid operator, conduction losses may occur depending on the type and material of the cable used. The PR value can be reduced by the conduction losses.
Efficiency factor of the PV modules
The efficiency factor of the PV modules has a decisive influence on the performance ratio of your PV plant. The higher the efficiency of the PV modules, the higher the PR value (with corresponding ambient conditions such as higher solar irradiation at the location, etc.).
Efficiency factor of the inverter
If the inverter employed in your PV plant is highly efficient, this can result in high PR values. SMA inverters with an efficiency of 90 % enable PR values of over 80 %.
Which factors influence the performance ratio?
Use of different solar cell technologies in the PV modules and measuring gage (e.g. Sunny
SensorBox)
There are different solar cell types for PV modules. The three following solar cell types are used most frequently: monocrystal silicon cells, polycrystalline silicon cells and thin layer cells. If the measuring gage installed in the PV plant (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) uses a different solar cell tec
hnology than your PV modules, this can result in deviations in the performance ratio.
Degradation of the solar cells
The age-related degradation of the solar cells results in a lower PR value over time. Monocrystalline solar cells and polycrystalline solar cells age up to 20 % in 20 years.
Orientation of the measuring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox)If your PV plant includes a meas
uring gage (e.g. Sunny SensorBox) and this is not correspondingly aligned with the PV modules of your PV plant, this can result in PV values of over 100 % due to different solar irradiations.